tan2818 發表於 2012-8-15 11:28:28

【武侯八陣兵法輯略】

<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"><FONT size=5><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">【<SPAN style="COLOR: red">武侯八陣兵法輯略</SPAN>】</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></FONT></DIV><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">序</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">憶宗沂自弱冠時,避寇輟舉,業居深山中,留意兵家言得[上幹幹下木]本《握機經》,而善之為作注,補圖及伍法,凡三卷,曰:《握機八陣心法》。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">自以為有得,桐城方存之先生及德清戴子高望、丹徒莊中白棫、吳縣石似、梅師鑄、遵義黎[艸純]齋庶昌,皆嘗 為〈序〉〈跋〉以張之。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">然《握機》托始風後,其書出於天寶中,竊疑睢陽張公及李、郭諸名將何以不依用,及推究久之,而後灼見為李筌之偽託。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">即其自為之《太白陰符經》已可取證,兵家固多偽書,乃自《握機》出而《八陣》隱。<BR><BR>有志學《八陣》者,得見《握機》而意盡,以湘鄉曾文正師之知兵,而其初籌營制,猶謂「天、地、風、雲,龍、虎、鳥、蛇」為陣式之盡善,則偽書沿襲一二名言之亦足以動聽也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">餘既幡然悟所學之非,恐自誤誤人。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">考核益加詳慎,會臨川李小湖師,課試《八陣圖》說,嘉餘條舉所疑之得實,目為抱負非凡儔,餘因慨,夫自來名臣碩輔得君行道,無俟著書以傳後,而其心力所注經營結撰必有不可泯沒者,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">今隋〈志〉所錄《武侯八陣圖》之本既不傳,不獲己而求諸壘石,又不獲己而求諸兵書之可信者,其皆出武侯所推演歟!餘不得而知也!<BR><BR>其不悖武侯而可以究諸實用歟!<BR><BR>餘亦未敢遽定也!</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">他日者,道出夔府,謁武鄉之廟,登八陣之台,以觀所謂「箕張翼舒」者,不傳之秘,庸或更有得焉!<BR><BR>師友期許之殷,庶幾可以無負矣!<BR><BR>請拭目俟之!<BR><BR>光緒己卯季冬之月歙縣汪宗沂序於從容而任齋</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">《武侯八陣兵法輯略》一卷。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">歙縣汪宗沂仲伊學諸葛壘南有亮所造《八陣圖》,自壘南去聚石八行,行閑相去二丈,因曰:「八陣既成,自今行師,庶不覆敗。」<BR><BR>八陣及壘,皆圖兵勢行藏之權,自後深識者所不能了。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">酈道元《水經注》因曰:「八陣既成」,以下與《荊州記》同,惟記末作「見者莫能了」。〕<BR><BR>古魚複縣鹽井以西,石磧平曠,孔明積細石為壘,方可數百步。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">壘西郭又聚石為八行,行八聚,聚閑相去八尺,行閑相去二丈,許謂之《八陣圖》。<BR><BR>〔盛宏之《荊州記》。案此所記陣後又別有一石壘,當即虛實二壘之分耶!〕</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">初諸葛亮造《八陣圖》於魚複平沙之上,壘石為八行,行相去二丈。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">溫見之,謂此常山蛇勢也。文武皆莫能識之。<BR><BR>〔〈晉書.桓慍傳〉〕八陣在夔州奉節縣西南七裏。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔《寰宇記》〕案:《水經注》、《荊州記》或雲南或雲西,劉禹錫亦言出市西,據此則知近西南隅也。<BR><BR>〔下同〕夔州瞿塘〔《武編》引多四字〕永安宮南一裏,渚下平磧上,周回四百一十八丈中,〔此句亦出《武編》〕有諸葛武侯《八陣圖》聚細石為之,各高五尺〔一本作丈〕,廣十圍,歷歷然棋布縱橫相當,中閑相去九尺,正中開南北,蒼蒼悉廣五尺,凡六十四聚。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔又有二十四聚,作兩層,在其後,每層各十二聚云云,今考《御覽》、《玉海》所引均無此數語,似出後人所增益,爰附於下。〕方或為人散亂,及為夏水所沒,至冬水退,依然如故。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔《荊州圖副》〕武侯造《八陣圖》於魚複平沙之上,吾嘗過之,自山上俯視,百餘丈,凡八行,為六十四蕝蕝正圓,不見凸凹處,又就視皆卵石,漫漫不可辨。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔節蘇軾文〕案薛士龍謂《八陣圖》可見者三:一沔陽高平舊壘,一新都八陣鄉,一即魚複江灘水上圖。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">然高平遺略雖在薛,己自雲難識。廣都土壘,蔡季通亦謂其殘破不可考。<BR><BR>藍章訪武侯八陣遺蹟,皆不可識,惟魚複者如故。蓋他處皆附會,舊壘惟此,則武侯所自造,精誠所注,不可磨滅也。<BR><BR>抑亦以後世將有取用於斯圖,而特留奇蹟以待有識歟!</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔又案廣都八陣,《益州記》謂土城四門中起六十四魁,八八為行,魁方一丈,高三尺。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">而觀物張行成自言假守,廣漢令迓兵執旗立壘上,數之其魁,百有廿八,兩陣俱立,周圍四百七十二步。〕內精八陣之變,外盡九成之宜,然後可以用奇也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔傅子引《兵法》。傅晉時人所引必《武侯兵法》也。雲內外者,疑指虛實二壘,而九成似指握奇言。〕先是陣勰為文帝所待,特所才用明解軍令。帝為晉王委任,使典兵事及蜀破後,令勰受諸葛亮圍陣用兵、倚伏之法,又甲乙校標幟之制,勰悉闇練之。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔〈晉書.職官志〉〕隆於是西渡溫水,虜樹機能等以眾萬計,或乘險以遏隆前,或設伏以截,隆依《八陣圖》作偏箱車,地廣則鹿角車營,路狹則為木屋施於車上,且戰且前,弓矢所及,應弦而倒,奇謀閑發,出敵不意。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔〈晉書.馬隆傳〉〕按仲達案行武侯營壘,歎為「天下奇才」。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">本傳亦言「推演古兵法,作《八陣圖》。<BR><BR>而《編集》不及,且謂「將略非所長」。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">由司馬氏以八陣為秘笈,但遣親信之臣習之,故史官不敢著錄,而後人易於作偽也。<BR><BR>然壘石長存,陰謀果何益哉!</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">後魏時柔然犯塞,刁雍上表采諸葛八陣之法為平地禦寇之方。<BR><BR>是時所制陣法十餘條,有飛龍、騰蛇、魚麗之變。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔《太平御覽》引《北史》〕案飛龍乃變陣之一形,而偽書誤以為八陣中之一。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">八陣:一曰方陣,二曰圜陣,三曰牡陣,四曰牝陣,五曰沖陣,六曰輪陣,七曰浮沮陣,八曰雁行陣。<BR><BR>〔《文選》四十一、五十六注引《雜兵書》,李善隋唐閒人,疑所引即隋〈志〉《八陣圖》中語也。〕案方陣乃八陣,正形以下皆變陣也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">圜陣、沖陣略見諸葛軍令中,牝牡又見《周書》陣法。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">五人為伍,十伍為隊。一車凡二百五十隊,餘奇為握奇。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔奇零之奇,非機也。〕故一軍以三千七百五十人為奇兵隊,七十有五以為中壘,守地六千尺積尺得四裏,以中壘四面乘之一面,得地三百步。壘內有地三頃餘,百八十步,正門為握奇。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">大將軍居之,六纛五麾,金鼓府藏輜積皆中壘,外餘八千七百五十人,隊一百七十五分為八陣,八〔《通典》、《太平御覽》皆作「六」,李筌之《太白陰經》作「八」〕陣各有一千九十四人,八陣各減一人以為一陣之部署,舉一軍則十軍可知。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔《通典》一百四十九引司馬穰苴,《御覽》同唐李筌〈太白陰經.部署篇〉握機外壘太白營均襲此文,又推衍原注以為《握機》文,孫星衍以《御覽》所引注為魏賈詡之注,其雲:凡兵者有四正四奇,或合而為一,或離而為八,是曰八陣。故曰:以正合,以奇勝也。〕</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">五人為伍,五〔當作十,作五乃李筌說〕伍為隊,萬二千五百人為隊,二百五十,十   取三焉而為奇,其餘七以為正,四奇四正而八陣生焉。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔王應麟〈玉海.兵制〉據蘇軾所引《司馬法》亦偽書所本。〕</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">案古書不言穰苴有八陣,惟孫子八陣有「蘋車之陣」,見《周官》鄭注,孫吳有六十   四陣,見後漢〈志〉,則此當是武侯八陣之隊伍法也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">陣數有九,中心有零者,大將握之不動,以制四面八陣,而取準則焉。<BR><BR>其人之列,面面相向,背背相承也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔杜牧《孫子》注引此以為八陣遺制。〕陣閑容陣,足曳白刃;〔此二句杜注又引入《戰法》〕隊閑容隊,可與敵對。<BR><BR>前禦其前,後當其後,左防其左,右防其右。<BR><BR>行必魚貫,立必雁行。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔八陣中有雁行陣,見上文。〕長以參短,短以參長。回軍轉陣,以前為後,以後為前,進無奔迸,退無速走。<BR><BR>四頭八尾,觸處為首,敵沖其中,兩頭俱救。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔杜牧《孫子》注引《軍志》,張預《孫子》注引後數語作《八陣圖》,當是《武侯兵法》逸文,而阮逸偽託《李衛公問對》,取本文及杜牧注雜綴之以為衛公語,其誣罔八陣也甚矣!〕<BR><BR>案杜牧曰:此亦與〈曲禮〉之說同,〔謂朱雀、招搖等五陣〕,數起於五而終於八。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">今夔州州前,諸葛武侯以石縱橫八行,布為方陣,奇正之生皆出於此。奇亦為正之正,正亦為奇之奇,彼此相用迴圈無窮也。諸葛出斜穀,以兵少,但能正用六數。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔此似指前《握機壘》六陣而言,然則《通典》作六陣殆未誤也。〕今盩厔司竹園乃有舊壘,司馬懿以十萬步騎不敢決戰,蓋深知其能也。據此知「陣閑容陣」以下八十四字,確系諸葛八陣之原文,兵家言陣以朿伍上也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">若賊騎來至,徒行以戰者,陟嶺不便宜,以車蒙陣而待之,地狹者以鋸齒。<BR><BR>〔見《尉繚子》〕而待之</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔《北堂書鈔》引《諸葛集》「賊騎來教」。〕連沖之陣,以狹而厚,令騎不得與相離遠〔又引《軍令》〕。<BR><BR>敵以〔已同〕來進,鹿角兵悉卻在連沖後;敵已附,鹿角兵但得進踞,以矛戟刺之,不得起住,起住防弩壞。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔引同上〕五聞鼓音,舉黃帛兩半,幡合旗為三面圓陣〔《御覽》引諸葛《軍令》〕,選三部司馬,皆限力舉二百以上,前驅,司馬取便大戟,由基司馬取能挽一石七斛以上弓,兩頭進戰,視麾所指,聞三金音止,二金音還。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔同上〕軍列營步騎士以下,皆著兜鍪帳下,及右陣各持彭排。〔馬槍也。古曰「大櫓」,一 名「儲胥」。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">同上〕案此武侯用八陣之變法,蓋八陣首圖為方形,而其施之於用必以圓。其雲三面圓陣者,前陣及左右二陣俱變也。雲兩頭進戰者,以兩軍左右分攻中軍,司其進止也。<BR><BR>四為正,四為奇,餘奇為握奇。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔杜注所引下云:音機或總稱之,四字非正文。〕先出遊軍定兩端。<BR><BR>〔杜牧《孫子》注引《風後握奇文》以為可信者止此,其餘之詞乃後之作者增加之,以重難其事耳。<BR><BR>即此可見李筌作偽,在唐人固己知之。〕案此即《諸葛兵法》之文也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">此外尚有虛實二壘,依孫子八陣三十二壘圖,其托風後以兵家相傳,有風後五陣旗法也。<BR><BR>風後曰:予告女帝之五旗:東方法青龍曰旗,南方法赤鳥曰旐,西方法白處曰旟,北方法元武曰旗,中央法黃龍曰常。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔《御覽》引《河圖》其旗物同,《周官》其言風後,亦假託,恐即出《八陣圖》。〕案八陣古法由五陣而來,五陣正所以行八陣也。<BR><BR>車僕掌五萃,而蘋車正在孫子八陣中,魏舒毀車崇卒,亦用五數皆可證也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">唐制又有仲冬講武教戰隊之法:<BR><BR>東軍一鼓,舉青旗,為直陣;<BR><BR>西軍亦鼓,舉白旗,為方陣以應之;<BR><BR>次南軍亦鼓,舉赤旗,為銳陣;<BR><BR>東軍亦鼓,舉黑旗,為曲陣以應之;<BR><BR>次東軍鼓,而舉黃旗,為圓陣;<BR><BR>西軍亦鼓,而舉青旗,為直陣以應之;<BR><BR>次西軍鼓,而舉白旗,為方陣;<BR><BR>東軍亦鼓,而舉赤旗,為銳陣以應之;<BR><BR>次東軍鼓,而舉黑旗,為曲陣;<BR><BR>西軍亦鼓,而舉黃旗,為圓陣以應之。<BR><BR>凡軍先舉者為客,後舉者為主。從五行相勝之法,為陣以應之。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">每變陣二軍,各選刀楯士五十人挑戰。<BR><BR>每將變陣,先鼓而為直陣,然後變從余陣之法。<BR><BR>五陣畢,兩軍俱為直陣。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔《通典》〕案此方、圓、曲、直、銳五形,本之周制。李靖謂實因地形使然。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">《武經總要》以五陣詁八陣,謂方陣即八陣總圖,可用以守;圓陣八面皆對敵,無空闕;曲陣右軍在前右,左軍在前左,前張兩翼;直陣以前軍居中,左右並列而戰;銳陣左右二軍在前,後左右三陣軍皆在陣後,奇兵列隊又在外。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔《武侯八陣兵法輯略》一卷〕《用陣雜錄》《握奇經》最晚出,自漢訖隋,不著錄。惟唐獨孤及作《風後八陣圖記》,與此書一一吻合。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">夫風後八陣未見前聞,獨狐及何據而作記?<BR><BR>其作記也,據《握奇》已行之本也。<BR><BR>且記中明言之矣,曰:「天寶中客有為韜鈐者,得其遺制於《黃帝書》之外篇,裂素而圖之。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">正謂李筌也,筌生天寶時,以少室山布衣談兵幹世,始偽託《握機》,欲上於朝,未果,其自為之書有《太白陰經》,其托為者又有《黃帝陰符》,與此書假託風後同一例。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">陰符》之偽,宋人知之;《握奇》之偽,宋人昧之。<BR><BR>由有《八陣》為之前也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">明.唐順之《武編》引宋神宗之言曰:「今之論兵者,皆以李筌《陰經》陣圖為法。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">妄相眩惑,無一可取。<BR><BR>如其說須兩敵相遇,遣使預約戰日,得一寬平之野,夷阜塞灶,伐草誅茅,如射圃教場,方可盡其法,其不可用決矣。<BR><BR>然宋朝士所演「握奇陣圖」一首即上於其時。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">夫豈知斯圖之正本於李筌耶!<BR><BR>李燾長編《太平興國》四年契丹入寇鎮州,都鈐轄劉延翰帥眾禦之,先是上以陣圖示諸將,俾分為八陣,至是虜騎坌至,趙延進乘高望之,東西亙野,不見其尾,翰等方按圖布陣,相去數百步,延進謂翰等曰:「今虜騎若此,而我師星布。彼若乘我,將何以濟?不若合而擊之。」<BR><BR>李繼隆亦曰:「兵貴通變,安可預料。」於是分二陣前後相副,大破之。此臨陣不泥,用八陣而勝者也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">元豐三年,趙[上蔔下咼]言:今欲大閱漢蕃陣隊,且以萬二千五百人為法。<BR><BR>旌旗麾幟各隨方色,其八隊旗別繪「天、地、風、雲,龍、虎、鳥、蛇」。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">樞密院言陣隊旗號各繪八物,慮士難辨識,且其閑亦有無形可繪者云云。此言足正庸將之信偽矣。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">郭逵慷慨喜兵學,神宗嘗訪八陣遺法,對曰:「兵無常形,是特奇正相生之一法耳。」因為帝論其詳。<BR><BR>在延安使以教兵,久不就。<BR><BR>逵擇諸校習金鼓,屯營六十四人,使一人教一隊,頃刻而成,尤善用偏裨,每至所部,令人自言所能,暇日閱按之,故臨陣皆盡其技。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">明靖遠伯王驥沈靜有大略,嘗閱師覆舟山,北問將校曰:「部伍行列若何?」曰:「隊各五十人,為一字,聞鼓則變為方、圓、斜、直之勢。」<BR><BR>驥笑曰:「此何以約束,兵五人為伍,必一人居中執旗,四人立四面從其進止,赴敵,則相顧應,四人死,中一人不得獨生。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">由五人至二十五人為一隊,最中一人執旗稍大,以令其四面,又倍而成五,為百廿五人。<BR><BR>再倍為二百五十人,為一營,左右前後相應,而聽於中,以半分寄四隅,與中為遊擊出奇,而正兵堅駐不動,又以五營如前法,分佈聽令於主將,其下由伍而隊而營,各有一人為中,以將令令眾,如是豈有紀律不嚴、約束不齊,而功可成哉!</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〔《武編》〕曾文正公與王璞山書曰:「陣法原無一定,然以一隊言之,則以鴛鴦、三才二陣為要;以一營言之,則一正、兩奇、一接應、一設伏,四者斷不可缺一,此外聽足下自為變化。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">將多人以禦劇寇,斷不可無陣法也。<BR><BR>又雲:「陣法初無定式,然總以《握奇經》之「天、地、風、雲,龍、虎、鳥、蛇」為極善。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">茲定以五百人定為四面相應之陣,以為凡各陣法之根本,各營均須遵照。<BR><BR>茲附去一紙,其每隊之鴛鴦陣、三才陣前已刻式。茲亦附去一紙。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">初定〈營規〉云:出隊要分三大支,臨時再多分幾小支。<BR><BR>凡有房屋之處,須分一支以防埋伏,小山之後須分一支,樹林之中須分一支。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">又雲:前隊用好手五百,以備衝鋒;後隊要好手五百,以備救敗;中隊大隊略弱些也不妨。前隊若小挫,後隊好手出去救敗;前隊若得勝,後隊好手不動,專等收隊時在稍尾行走。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">陸軍〈得勝歌〉雲:出隊要分三大支,大間一支且紮住,左右兩支先出去,另把一支打,接應再要一支,埋伏定隊伍,排在山坡上,營官四處好瞭望,看他那邊是來路,看他那邊是去向,看他那路有伏兵,看他那路有強將,那處來的真,賊頭那邊做的假,模樣件件看清,件件說說得,人人都膽壯,他呐喊來,我不喊他,放槍來,我不放他,若撲來,我不動,待他疲了再接仗,起手要陰,後要陽出,隊要弱收,隊強,初交手時,如老鼠越打越強,如老虎打散,賊匪四山逃,追賊專從兩邊抄,逢屋逢山,搜埋伏隊伍,切莫亂分毫。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">日記雲:窄路打勝仗,全系頭敵數人,若頭敵站不住,後面雖有好手,亦被人擠退了。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">胡文忠致鮑春霆書論募兵曰:假如五百人、六百人之營,放哨官五人、副哨五人,既已精選哨官矣。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">哨官又各選十長可信者十人,十長管十人,只要同隊有可信者二人,則其餘六人均不能跑,何也?<BR><BR>出隊不過六七成,為定一隊不過六七人,有三人膽大,則其四人不能不同行,即有退縮,一查而知,打三五仗之後,膽小者亦變為膽大矣。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">總之,治兵在「提綱領」三字而已,擇營官、擇哨官、又擇什長,則萬無不勝之理。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">又紮云:照得本營抬槍、鳥槍,與刀矛分隊相間而行,是長短相兼、奇正互應之法。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">至李道湘營陣法,則第一隊至十六隊均是槍炮與刀矛相兼,雖悍賊四面攻襲,而我兵可以常勝。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">本部院心以為然,改而師之,該遊擊擬抬槍百人為一隊、鳥槍百人為一隊反,複思之,仍不如師法李道章程分哨分隊,刀矛夾護為穩。假如臨陣之時,或賊分五路而來,則我分五哨以應之,哨中各有抬槍、鳥槍、刀矛;或追賊之時,零星四散,亦不能不分哨以追之,則各哨皆有抬槍、鳥槍、刀矛相護,乃合長短兼用之法。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">又如一營深入賊中,賊眾三面抄襲,則各哨分三面抵禦,各有槍炮、刀矛,較為得力。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">又與左京卿書丈之所長在,遠謀大略,一旅之政不足談。<BR><BR>然治軍必從十長、百長、營官起,基專意此五十餘人乃有實際,而實則只須專意營官一人耳。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">又與葉介唐書雲:營官、哨官、十長均須久經戰陣,實有成效可考者,乃可備選。<BR><BR>蓋營官不得人,則一營皆為廢物;哨官不得人,則一哨皆為廢物;十長不得人,則十人皆為廢物。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">濫取充數,有如無兵也。<BR><BR>又論練勇雲:標式以選精銳,不可專用火器也。宜長短相間,長兵者槍炮弓箭是也;短兵者,刀矛钂棍是也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">叔世人心怯儒,偏重火器,謂可殺賊於百步之外;<BR><BR>無跳蕩搏擊之危,非特賊刃難加我身,並賊血亦不得汙我衣,且隱計於百步內外開炮,若見勢頭不好,棄槍炮逃去,賊追不及,何便如之!<BR><BR>兵因火器強,亦因火器弱。<BR><BR>誠然!<BR><BR>誠然!<BR><BR>昔冉子用矛入齊師,孔子稱其義,為其奮勇直前、舍生以合事宜也。<BR><BR>烏枝鳴用劍敗華氏,謂用少莫如齊致死,齊致死莫如去備。<BR><BR>此二事乃兵家不傳之秘,後世得其秘者,岳忠武之背嵬軍五百人、本朝岳威信之馬兵三十六人、楊昭武長槍手百人,皆是也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">〈後序〉</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">近人有為西國練兵說者,曰:其用騎兵也,進則居前,退則殿後,未陣為衝突之需,既戰為夾擊之用,其法始成一隊,繼分兩翼。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">其用步兵也,炮隊在前,槍隊在後,刀附於槍,不設別隊,初戰尚遠,先以炮,漸近以槍,再近則手槍,逼近則刀刺。<BR><BR>其演法一日兩次,七日一息,專習步驟間,演手法不加火藥,加火藥歲止數次。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">若新募之勇,先令排班齊立,教以前後左右旋轉方向,無有先後,然後教以步伐,腳必相同,步必有准,步法熟乃教以陣法。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">一行變兩,兩行變四,反本還原,複合為一。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">其最佳者為方陣,外密如牆,內施火槍,利於平原曠野,以拒馬隊,騎兵遇之輒失利。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">此其說之大凡也。<BR><BR>嗟乎!<BR><BR>古法八陣之廢於唐宋也,人人皆以為不可行也,然西人固已行之矣。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">且行之得效,而談時務者,目為西法,不復深究其由來,然亦幸陣圖多偽,托西人得其觕,而不盡得其精,故倉猝遇大陣,馬隊之包抄而不易退出也;<BR><BR>能野戰制勝,而攻城專恃火器,不克捷登猛進也;<BR><BR>其駐隊縱能堅忍,而以樹林隱翳之炮隊擊而摧之,有餘也,且貪用大眾,散住民房以擾民,及其陣而後戰,但能恃眾淩少,不能出偏師以用奇也。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">然得古法之一二,即可以練兵蓄銳,則又因以知實用之勝於空談萬萬也。<BR><BR>故端居發憤,而述為此篇。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"></SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">韜廬子跋。</SPAN><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"><BR style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">
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